Animal Manure, Neem Cake, Biochar, Vermicompost or Urea: Choosing the Better Option for <i>Spinacia oleracea</i> Growth and Soil Fertility

Production of safe food through organic farming while maintaining soil sustainability is the crucial challenge recent time. As such a pot experiment was conducted using animal manure (TAM), neem-cake (TNC), vermicompost (TVC), biochar (TBC) and urea (TU) with control (TC) to assess their capacity stimulate Spinacia oleracea growth under field condition impact on fertility. Six treatments: TC, TAM, TNC, TVC, TBC, TU three replications were used in completely randomized design (CRD). All plant parameters measured at regular interval up maturity. Complete chemical analysis tissue, amendments carried out. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) different treatments calculated 45 60 days. showed statistically significant (P i.e., height P (R = 0.887); leaf area N 0.957) 0.985); dry weight 0.996), 0.994) K 0.860). Significant < 0.001) increase post-harvest C CEC content found all treatments. The highest availability N, S observed treatment TNC. For short duration crop like spinach, TNC best option followed by TVC as they release nutrient quickly than TBC TAM.